Case Study: Historic Plaster Anthrax Survey At Old Bank Building in Manchester

Sysco Environmental Ltd conducted a historic plaster anthrax risk survey for a Grade 2 listed building in Manchester. The purpose of the survey was to identify the presence of animal hair in the plaster and evaluate the associated health risks. This case study summarises the methodologies, findings, and conclusions drawn from the inspection.

The building, reflects the architectural style of the late 19th century, featuring high ceilings, ornate plasterwork, large windows, and robust masonry typical of Victorian bank buildings. Built in the late 19th century, it initially served as a bank, playing a pivotal role in Manchester’s financial sector during the industrial boom. In the later years the building continued to serve various financial institutions, undergoing internal modifications while retaining its exterior integrity. After World War II, it saw a decline in banking use, reflecting broader economic shifts in Manchester. The building was repurposed for commercial uses, including offices and retail, with refurbishments that modernised facilities while maintaining historical character.

The historic plaster anthrax survey was essential to evaluate the potential exposure risk to Bacillus anthracis, ensuring the safe redevelopment of the building. Given the building's age and historic significance, the presence of animal hair in the plaster posed a potential health risk that needed thorough assessment. This anthrax survey was conducted with meticulous care and respect for the cultural heritage of the site, adhering to stringent safety protocols to protect both the workers and the building's historical integrity. By identifying and addressing any contamination, the survey facilitates the safe and responsible refurbishment of this iconic structure, preserving its historical value while adapting it for modern use.

The historic plaster survey was essential to evaluate the potential exposure risk to Bacillus anthracis, ensuring the safe redevelopment of the building. Given the building's age and historic significance, the presence of animal hair in the plaster posed a potential health risk that needed thorough assessment. This survey was conducted with meticulous care and respect for the cultural heritage of the site, adhering to stringent safety protocols to protect both the workers and the building's historical integrity. By identifying and addressing any contamination, the survey facilitates the safe and responsible refurbishment of this iconic structure, preserving its historical value while adapting it for modern use.

Our methodology when conducting historic plaster surveys for the presence of animal hair

The survey followed Sysco Environmental Ltd's standard procedures and adhered to guidelines from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The following steps were undertaken:

Our team has visually inspected all accessible areas in order two identify all structural elements containing animal hair plaster. This large survey extended across 8 levels and more than 100 individual rooms.

In selected areas we have carried out a representative collection of bulk samples taken from suspected materials using appropriate tools. We have employed the following sample collection methodology

Our collection procedure involves:
   - Isolating the sampling area to prevent contamination.
   - Using tools such as chisels, sharp knives, core samplers, or screwdrivers to collect samples.
   - Damping the material with an atomiser spray to suppress dust release.
   - Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to avoid inhalation or contact with potential contaminants.
   - Sealing all collected samples immediately in self-seal plastic bags to prevent cross-contamination.
   - Cleaning any fallen debris with wet wiping methods and sealing any broken material with protective labels or cavity sealant.
This comprehensive approach ensured that all potential risks were identified and managed, allowing for the safe continuation of redevelopment work while preserving the historical integrity of the building.

Risk of Exposure to Bacillus anthracis in Animal Hair Plaster

Animal hair plaster, commonly used in historic buildings, poses a risk of Bacillus anthracis contamination due to the historical use of animal products in construction materials. Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, can be present in animal hair used in plaster, particularly if the animals were infected. The risk of exposure arises during refurbishment or demolition activities, where disturbance of the plaster can release spores into the air.
 

 Potential Health Hazards

1. Cutaneous Anthrax: This occurs when Bacillus anthracis spores come into contact with a break in the skin, leading to infection. It starts as a small sore that develops into a blister and then a painless ulcer with a black centre. If not treated, it can cause severe localised infections or spread to the bloodstream.

2. Inhalation Anthrax: This is a more severe form and occurs when spores are inhaled. The spores can lodge in the lungs, leading to severe respiratory issues. Early symptoms resemble a common cold but can progress to severe breathing problems and shock. Inhalation anthrax is often fatal if not treated promptly.

3. Gastrointestinal Anthrax: Though rare, this can occur if spores are ingested. It causes severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea, and can be fatal if not treated.

Reasons for Concern About Anthrax in Historic Plaster

- Historical Use: In the past, animal hair from a variety of sources, including potentially infected animals, was commonly used in plaster. The spores can survive in the plaster for decades, maintaining their potential to cause infection.

- Disturbance of Materials: Renovation, demolition, or other construction activities can disturb the plaster, releasing dormant spores into the air, posing an inhalation risk to workers.

- Occupational Exposure: Workers involved in the refurbishment or demolition of historic buildings are at risk due to direct contact with contaminated materials or inhalation of airborne spores.
 

Our Anthrax Survey Findings

- Animal Hair Plaster: Detected on all floors but not in every room or section. Notably found around old ventilation ducting on several floors and next to a safe on the ground floor.

- Bacillus Anthracis Spores: No spores were detected in any of the samples taken from the site.

Historic Plaster Survey Conclusions

The survey concluded that while animal hair plaster was present in various parts of the building, no Bacillus anthracis contamination was found. Recommendations for management included:

- Documenting findings in a hazardous materials register.
- Monitoring and reinspecting identified materials.
- Ensuring controlled conditions for any future removal of identified plaster.

Sysco Environmental Ltd remains available for further consultations and follow-up surveys to ensure compliance with health and safety regulations and to address any potential risks associated with historic plaster containing animal hair.